System for improving the fuel efficiency of an engine

ABSTRACT

A fuel system for improved fuel efficiency may include a fuel injector to transmit fuel in droplet form to a reaction region. A reaction rod may be positioned in the reaction region, where the reaction rod may have a convex end and a concave end. The fuel system may be used with engines such as gasoline engines, turbine engines, diesel engines, and steam engines.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/801,188, filed Mar. 15, 2004, which claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application No. 60/457,189, filed Mar. 25, 2003, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to a system for improved fuel efficiency and cleaner emissions.

BACKGROUND

Engines convert energy into work. In that sense, they power the devices we use every day: automobiles, airplanes, refrigerators. But in a larger sense, engines drive the world's economy. For all the efficiencies afforded by the Internet revolution, people and things still make their way around the world under the power of engines.

Most automobile engines convert fuel into energy using an internal combustion engine powered by gasoline, propane, or diesel fuel. Because of the enormous amount of fuel converted into energy by internal combustion engines, even a small improvement in fuel efficiency provides a significant overall fuel savings.

Improved fuel efficiency can also provide substantial environmental benefits. Since less fuel is being converted into energy, a proportionately smaller amount of harmful emissions are being produced. Again, because of the sheer number of internal combustion engines in use, this can create a significant overall improvement. Further benefits may be obtained if the process of converting fuel into energy itself produces cleaner exhaust.

In a conventional internal combustion engine, gasoline and air combust to provide energy that may be used (for example) to run an automobile. FIGS. 1A to 1D show a typical cycle for an internal combustion engine. In FIG. 1A, gas and air are introduced through an inlet 115 into a cylinder 110 including a piston 120. In FIG. 1B, piston 120 is compressed. In FIG. 1C, a spark is introduced into cylinder 110 via a spark plug 130, and the air and gasoline combust. The force of combustion drives a piston downward, providing energy that may be used to drive a load (e.g., to turn a crank shaft of an automobile). In FIG. 1D, the product of the combustion is exhausted. The exhaust of a conventional internal combustion engine generally includes not only carbon dioxide and water, but also harmful substances such as carbon monoxide and nitrous oxide.

SUMMARY

In general, in one aspect a fuel system may include a fuel injector configured to receive fuel and to transmit fuel in droplet form. For example, the fuel injector may receive fuel from a fuel tank and produce droplets of fuel from the received fuel.

The fuel may be transmitted to a reaction region with a reaction rod positioned in the reaction region. In some implementations, the reaction region may be an inner region of a reaction tube. The reaction rod may have a convex end to receive fuel from the fuel injector and a concave end opposite the convex end. The reaction tube and the reaction rod may comprise a magnetically polarizable material, such as steel.

The system may include a vacuum generator in communication with the reaction region and configured to reduce the pressure of the reaction region. The vacuum generator may comprise a venturi, or a vacuum pump such as a turbopump. Other vacuum generators may be used.

The system may include an engine to be powered using fuel from the reaction region. The system may include a fuel transport tube positioned between the engine and the reaction region, where the fuel transport tube is configured to transport fuel from the reaction region to the engine. The fuel transport tube may comprise a non-magnetic material such as copper.

The system may include an exhaust pipe configured to transport exhaust from the engine to an exterior region. In some implementations, the reaction region may comprise a reaction tube, and the reaction tube may be positioned at least partially within at least a portion of the exhaust pipe.

In general, in another aspect, the system may include a first stop positioned at least partially in the reaction region proximate to a first fuel receiving end of a reaction rod and a second stop positioned at least partially in the reaction region proximate to the second end of the reaction rod. For some implementations, one of the stops may be integral to the reaction region. The first fuel receiving end of the reaction rod may be convex, while the second end of the reaction rod may be concave.

In general, in another aspect, a method of providing fuel to an engine may include generating fuel droplets from a fuel source and transmitting the fuel droplets to a reaction region proximate to a reaction rod. The reaction rod may have a first convex fuel receiving end and a second concave transmitting end. The method may further include transmitting the fuel to an engine.

The method may include generating energized fuel by transmitting fuel droplets past the reaction rod, which may include electrically transforming at least some of the droplets.

The details of one or more implementations are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features and advantages will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A to 1D illustrate an internal combustion cycle, according to the prior art.

FIGS. 2A and 2B are schematics of plasma fuel generating systems, according to some implementations.

FIGS. 3A and 3B are schematics of systems including an engine incorporating a fuel generating system such as that shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B.

FIG. 4 shows top and side views of a fuel injector assembly that may be used in plasma fuel generating systems.

Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Systems and techniques described herein may both increase engine efficiency and reduce engine exhaust. In particular, the exhaust produced may contain significantly lower amounts of harmful substances than the exhaust produced using conventional fuel. More efficient and cleaner engines can provide enormous cost and environmental benefits.

Better efficiency and cleaner exhaust may be obtained using a fuel generating system such as system 200 described below. The resultant fuel appears to have characteristics of a cold plasma, and thus will be referred to as plasma fuel. However, since the chemical and/or other characteristics of the plasma fuel have not been completely characterized, the term plasma fuel as used herein is simply used as a title to refer to fuel produced as described herein. The term “non-plasma fuel” as used herein refers to fuel that is input in its unprocessed state to an injector and used to generate the plasma fuel.

FIG. 2A shows a plasma fuel generating system 200 according to some implementations, where the term “generating” refers to changing one or more characteristics of the non-plasma fuel to generate the plasma fuel. A reactor tube 210 includes a reactor rod 220. Reactor rod 220 has a convex end 222 and a concave end 224, and may be made from a single piece of metal (e.g., a solid piece of steel machined to the desired shape), or from multiple pieces. In an embodiment, rod 220 has an outer surface that fits within the inner surface of tube 210, with a total clearance of about 0.012 inches. Preferably the clearance is set so that the fluid pressure around the rod causes the rod to stay separate from the walls of tube 210. Non-plasma fuel may be introduced into an interior region 215 of reactor tube 210 using an injector 230. Non-plasma fuels that may be used with system 200 include substances such as gasoline, diesel, ethanol, and crude oil.

System 200 may operate as follows. Non-plasma fuel may be provided to an input end of injector 230. Injector 230 introduces the non-plasma fuel into interior region 215 in the form of droplets. For example, injector 230 may be an atomizer configured to generate fuel droplets from fuel in liquid form. Fuel droplets flow between the inner surface of tube 210 and the outer surface of rod 220. Plasma fuel exits tube 210 and is provided to an engine. Note that the reaction region is described as being interior to reaction tube 210. As used herein, the term “tube” refers to a material that encloses a region and not to any particular shape or type of material. For example, tubes of different sizes, cross sectional shapes and areas, different materials (e.g., stiff or flexible materials) may be used.

The current inventor has determined that a number of characteristics of system 200 may contribute to the ability of the system to produce plasma fuel for clean and efficient engine operation.

For example, interior region 215 is operated at a pressure P₂ less than a pressure P₁ exterior to tube 210. The current inventor has determined that good results may be obtained with a pressure P₂ of about 250 mmHg or lower. Generation of the relative vacuum in interior region 215 is discussed below with reference to FIG. 3A.

Additionally, interior region 215 is at a lower temperature T₂ than the temperature T₁ exterior to tube 210. Some cooling of interior region 215 with respect to the region exterior to tube 210 occurs due to the thermodynamics of the system operation (e.g., as a result of the formation of fuel droplets). The interior temperature thus obtained is generally sufficient for efficient system operation; however, refrigeration of the non-plasma fuel provided to injector 230 (or of other portions of system 200) may be used to further lower T₂.

The distance between injector 230 and convex end 222 of rod 220 may be chosen so that the number of droplets formed is large (e.g., the distance is large enough to allow a large number of droplets to form, but not so large that the non-plasma fuel vaporizes). It is believed that the form of the fuel from injector 230 is important in generating the plasma fuel. Providing non-plasma fuel in droplet form is believed to facilitate the electrical interaction in tube 210 to generate the plasma fuel.

The shape of rod 220 is an important aspect of system 200. Convex end 222 should be shaped to enable laminar flow of droplets past rod 220. Concave end 224 should be shaped so that a lower pressure region is created in the region proximate to concave end 224. It is believed that the lower pressure region may cause cavitation of the plasma fuel, accompanied by a region of relative high electrical activity proximate to concave end 224.

Some materials of system 200 may also play an important part in system efficiency. For example, rod 220 and tube 210 are generally made of a magnetically polarizable material such as steel made from natural ore. The current inventor has observed that during initial operation of a system, the engine runs roughly for an interval that is usually about fifteen minutes. It is believed that, upon initial operation of system 200, the magnetic state of rod 220 changes. Rod 220 is said to pick up a “magnetic signature” during this time. The current inventor has determined that subsequent system operation may be enhanced by performing this initial process with rod 220 oriented in a north-south direction. Note that this initialization of the magnetic state of rod 220 is believed to occur during the first operation of the system, and need not be repeated unless the system is idle for a long period of time (e.g., one to two months).

The current inventor has determined that using a non-magnetic material such as copper for tubes to transport the plasma fuel to an engine may be beneficial. It is believed that copper produces a plasma sheathing effect, so that the plasma fuel does not interact with the inner walls of the transport tubes. This effect is believed to significantly increase the duration of the state the fuel is in, so that fuel is provided to the engine in a significant state of ionization (e.g., in a plasma fuel state).

FIG. 2B shows another implementation of a plasma fuel generating system 250. Reactor rod 220 is placed in tube 210, which in turn is mounted at least partially inside an exhaust pipe 252. Note that in system 250, rod 220 is made using a hollow tube with convex end 222 and concave end 224 included in pieces attached to the appropriate end of the hollow tube. For example, the pieces may be attached by welding or other method.

Exhaust pipe 252 may be a standard vehicle exhaust pipe. For example, it may have a diameter of about 2.5 inches and be made of a material such as treated steel. Tube 210 may be welded into exhaust pipe 252 so that a central axis of the portion of tube 210 inside exhaust pipe 252 is parallel to the axis of the complementary section of exhaust pipe 252. The axes may be not only parallel, but also congruent.

Rod 220 may be placed within tube 210. Rod 220 need not be fixed within tube 210. In fact, the current inventor believes allowing rod 220 to spin within tube 210 during system operation may provide for more efficient plasma fuel generation within tube 210. The spinning may be sustained by fluid pressure of the fuel traveling through the tube. However, stops 256 may be provided as shown to prevent rod 220 from moving beyond the desired placement region and possibly damaging fittings or other components of system 250.

The length of overlap between exhaust pipe 252 and tube 210 is not believed to be critical, and may be about twice the length of rod 220. Tube 210 is generally made from a magnetically polarizable material, as noted above. In system 250, the material should also be thermally stable to withstand the heat generated by the exhaust gases flowing through exhaust pipe 252. In operation, the temperature in exhaust pipe 252 at positions away from tube 210 may be about 1000 degrees Fahrenheit, while the temperature in a region 217 of exhaust pipe 252 proximate to tube 210 may be only about 250 degrees Fahrenheit.

As noted above, rod 220 may be made from steel (e.g. soft steel), or other materials (e.g., iron pipe). The diameter of rod 220 may be from about 85% to about 97% of the inner diameter of tube 210. For example, if tube 210 has an inner diameter of 0.889 inches, reactor rod 220 may have an outer diameter of about 0.860 inches.

In system 250, the shape of convex end 224 should be sufficient to form eddies in the space proximate to end 224. The shape of convex end 222 should allow for laminar flow, and may be generally hemispherical, or may be ovoid (e.g., generally bullet-shaped or shaped like the small end of an egg). Convex end 222 should be smooth to avoid perturbing the laminar flow of non-plasma fuel past end 222.

The size of rod 220 may be chosen to provide a desired conversion level of non-plasma fuel to plasma fuel. For example, lengths from about two to about twelve inches may be used. The chosen length may be determined by the type of non-plasma fuel provided to system 250. For example, when gasoline is used, a length of about 7.25 inches may be used. For diesel fuel, a length of about 9 inches may be used. For crude oil, a length of about 12 inches may be used. Of course, the above dimensions are exemplary and others may be used.

In operation, non-plasma fuel is introduced into tube 210 using an injector 230 having an inlet 232. Non-plasma fuel is mixed with air in mixture assembly 257. As noted above, the non-plasma fuel should be in the form of liquid droplets flowing past rod 220. Injector 230 may be an atomizer or a misting nozzle. The temperature of the fuel droplets is lower than the temperature of the exhaust in exhaust pipe 252. Better results may be obtained by maximizing the temperature difference, but refrigeration of the non-plasma fuel is generally not necessary.

Fuel droplets flow past rod 220 and are converted to plasma fuel. The plasma fuel is provided to an engine (not shown) via a fuel transfer assembly 254. As noted above, the pressure in interior region 215 of tube 210 should be less than the pressure in the interior of exhaust pipe 252. Pressures of about 250 mmHg or less may be used.

A plasma fuel generating system such as that illustrated in FIGS. 2A and 2B above may be used to supply plasma fuel to an engine. FIG. 3A shows a schematic of a system 300 including an engine 320 and a fuel generating system 200 for generating plasma fuel for engine 320. System 300 is a bi-fuel system; that is, it may be run using conventional fuel (e.g., gasoline) via a first output 311 of fuel tank 310 to engine 320, as well as via second output 312 to fuel generating system 200. Note that other fuel generating system implementations, such as system 250, may be used.

Fuel is contained in region 310, which may be a standard fuel tank. In operation, engine 320 is initially run using non-plasma fuel. During this time, fuel generator system 200 is energized. A flow control device such as a butterfly valve 323 controls the flow of air to cylinders 325, which combust the fuel as outlined above and shown in FIGS. 1A to 1D.

Once fuel generator 200 is sufficiently energized, engine 320 is run using plasma fuel. A controller 360 may receive a signal from a sensor in communication with fuel generator system 200 (not shown), indicating that engine 320 may be operated using plasma fuel. Butterfly valve 323 controls the flow of plasma fuel to cylinders 325. However, in other embodiments separate flow controllers may be used to control the flow of air and the flow of plasma fuel to engine 320.

As noted above, portions of fuel generating system 200 may be operated under pressures lower than atmospheric pressure (e.g., an interior region 215 of a tube 210). The pressure may be lowered using a vacuum generator. For example, a venturi 327 may be positioned between butterfly valve 323 and fuel generating system 200 to lower the pressure of portions of fuel generating system 200 as desired. Different vacuum generators may be used; for example, a vacuum pump may be used in some implementations. For a diesel engine, a turbopump is generally used to generator a vacuum.

In a conventional system, ECM 330 receives information from a number of sensors, which may include one or more oxygen sensors, a throttle position sensor (TPS), mass airflow sensor (MAF sensor) and/or other sensors. However, in implementations of the current system, controller 360 may only need input from the MAF sensor, the TPS, and the sensor indicating that system 200 has been energized. Particularly, controller 360 may not require information from oxygen sensors, unlike conventional ECMs.

FIG. 3B shows another system 350 that may use a plasma fuel generator such as system 200 of FIG. 2A or system 250 of FIG. 2B. System 350 may be incorporated into an engine such as a carbureted V8 engine, although other engine types may be used (for example, engines incorporating fuel injection rather than carburetion may be used).

Engine 320 has a fuel tank 310 having a fuel pump 315. An air filter 362 is provided, and may be a standard air filter. Many other aspects of engine 320 (e.g., hose clamps or other fasteners) are not shown here for simplicity. Engine 320 includes an engine intake manifold 364 and a carburetor 366. A throttle arm 368 is attached to and regulates-either carburetor 366 or a fuel injector.

An auxiliary air filter 370 may be used to filter the air leading into reactor tube 210. Fuel injector 230 is used to control how much non-plasma fuel is provided to tube 210. An air hose 372 (e.g., a 1.125 inch heavy duty suction hose) runs from auxiliary air filter 370 to fuel injector 230. From fuel injector 230, the fuel droplets pass through mixture assembly 256 into tube 210. Plasma fuel exits tube 210 and passes into intake manifold 364.

The plasma fuel is then used to power engine 320. Plasma fuel is mixed with air and introduced into the cylinders. The current inventor has determined that plasma fuel combusts more efficiently and more cleanly than the non-plasma fuel from which the plasma fuel is generated.

FIG. 4 shows two views of an implementation of an injector assembly 400 that may be used in a plasma fuel generating system. Note that no particular orientation of assembly 400 is required, so the two views shown are not designated; however, one view may be referred to as a top view while the other is referred to as a side view.

Assembly 400 includes a central region 410 for providing air to assembly 400. Region 410 may be in communication with an air filter (not shown), so that filtered air may be used to generate plasma fuel. Assembly 400 further includes two injector portions 420, each with a fuel input 425. Note that although two injection portions 420 are shown in FIG. 4, a single injection portions or more than two portions may be used. Air and fuel droplets combine in a region 430 of assembly 430, and are subsequently transmitted to a reaction region as described above for generation of plasma fuel from the fuel droplets.

A number of implementations have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, a plasma fuel generator may be used with different types of engines, such as diesel engines, turbine engines, steam engines, or other types of engines. Accordingly, other implementations are within the scope of the following claims. 

1. A method, comprising: forming liquid droplets from a liquid fuel; introducing the liquid droplets to a first area of acceleration; at said first area accelerating the liquid droplets, along a first surface; adjacent to said first surface, forming a heated area, so that said heated area is adjacent said first area of acceleration; and using the liquid droplets which have been exposed to said first area of said acceleration and said heated area for a combustion process.
 2. A method as in claim 1, wherein said forming liquid droplets comprises using an injector to form the liquid droplets.
 3. A method as in claim 1, wherein said accelerating comprises reducing a surface area through which the liquid droplets are channeled.
 4. A method as in claim 3, wherein said accelerating further comprises maintaining a vacuum in an area where the surface area has been reduced.
 5. A method as in claim 4, wherein said vacuum is 250 mm of mercury or less.
 6. A method as in claim 1, wherein said forming a heated area comprises passing an opposite surface to the first surface through an exhaust from the combustion process.
 7. A method as in claim 1, wherein said first surface includes an inside surface of a first tube, and an outside surface of a rod that is within the tube.
 8. A method as in claim 1, further comprising directing said outside surface to have a rounded end facing towards the direction from which the fuel is introduced.
 9. A method, comprising: introducing liquid droplets of fuel to a chamber; applying a vacuum to the chamber; forming an area in the chamber which has a reduced volume, to accelerate the liquid droplets within the chamber under the vacuum; heating an outside area of the chamber, which is in thermal contact with the chamber, but physically separated from the chamber; and introducing the fuel from the chamber to a combustion process.
 10. A method as in claim 9, wherein said heating comprises using an exhaust from the combustion process to heat said outside area of the chamber.
 11. A method as in claim 10, wherein said chamber is formed by the inside surface of a conduit, and said forming an area comprises forming a reduced volume area using a internal object which is physically captive within said conduit and which reduces an available surface volume through which said fuel can travel.
 12. A method as in claim 11, wherein said conduit is a tube, and said internal object is a rod having a substantially cylindrical shape.
 13. A method as in claim 12, wherein said rod also has a convex end, facing towards a direction of fuel introduction.
 14. A method as in claim 9, wherein said applying a vacuum comprises applying a pressure of 250 mm mercury or less using a vacuum generator.
 15. A method as in claim 13, wherein said rod has also a concave end, facing away from a direction of fuel introduction.
 16. A method as in claim 12, further comprising changing a length of the rod depending on a nature of said fuel.
 17. A method, comprising: introducing droplets of liquid fuel to a chamber defined within a conduit that has walls that are formed of a magnetically polarizable material; applying a vacuum to the chamber, and forming an area within the chamber where an internal surface area is reduced, while using the vacuum to force the liquid fuel droplets through said internal surface area; on an outside portion of said area, separated from said area by a wall that is formed of a magnetically polarizable material, introducing an exhaust gas from a combustion process using said fuel, to heat said outside portion of said area; and after passing said droplets through the chamber, introducing the droplets to a combustion process.
 18. A method as in claim 17, wherein said forming an area where the internal surface area is reduced comprises providing an internal object within said conduit.
 19. A method as in claim 18, wherein said conduit is a tube, and said internal object is a part having a substantially cylindrical outer shape.
 20. A method as in claim 19, wherein said internal object is a reaction rod with a convex nose portion facing towards the direction from which the fuel is introduced.
 21. A method as in claim 17, wherein said applying the vacuum to the chamber maintains the chamber at a pressure which is less than the pressure exterior to the conduit.
 22. A method as in claim 21, wherein said applying the vacuum comprises maintaining the chamber at a pressure which is 250 mm of mercury or lower.
 23. A method as in claim 17, wherein said applying includes carrying out an operation to cool the fuel.
 24. A method as in claim 18, wherein said internal object has an end facing a direction from which the fuel is presented which produces a laminar flow of the fuel.
 25. A method as in claim 24, wherein said internal object has an end facing away from said direction which produces cavitation of the fuel.
 26. A method as in claim 17, further comprising cooling the fuel.
 27. A method as in claim 19, further comprising forming said internal object, from a magnetically polarizable material.
 28. A method as in claim 19, further comprising maintaining said internal object as captive within said tube.
 29. A method as in claim 28, wherein said maintaining comprises providing stops within the tube.
 30. A method as in claim 19, further comprising selecting a length of the reaction rod based on a type of the liquid fuel.
 31. A method as in claim 19, further comprising using a longer reaction rod for a thicker fuel, and a shorter reaction rod for a thinner fuel.
 32. A method as in claim 17, further comprising using an airflow from said combustion to form said vacuum.
 33. A method as in claim 17, wherein said forming an area comprises forming an area which has its area reduced by an amount between 85% and 97%.
 34. A method as in claim 19, wherein said reaction rod has a diameter which is between 85% and 97% of the inner diameter of said tube.
 35. A method, comprising: introducing droplets of liquid fuel to a chamber; applying a vacuum to the chamber defined within a tube defined by walls; forming an area within the chamber where an internal surface area is reduced, by locating an obstruction within said area, selecting a length of the obstruction based on the type of fuel intended to be used; using a vacuum to force the liquid fuel droplets through said reduced internal surface area; on an outside portion of said area, separated from said area by a wall that is formed of a magnetically polarizable material, introducing an exhaust gas from a combustion process using said fuel, to heat said outside portion of said area; and after passing said droplets through the chamber, introducing the droplets to the combustion process.
 36. A method as in claim 35, wherein said tube is formed of a magnetically polariable material.
 37. A method as in claim 35, wherein said obstruction is substantially cylindrical.
 38. A method as in claim 37, wherein said internal object is a reaction rod with a convex nose portion facing towards the direction from which the fuel is introduced.
 39. A method as in claim 35, wherein said applying the vacuum to the chamber maintains the chamber at a pressure which is less than the pressure exterior to the conduit.
 40. A method as in claim 39, further comprising using gas flow from the combustion process to form said vacuum.
 41. A method as in claim 35, wherein said applying the vacuum comprises maintaining the chamber at a pressure which is 250 mm of mercury or lower.
 42. A method as in claim 35, wherein said applying includes carrying out an operation to cool the fuel.
 43. A method as in claim 35, wherein said obstruction has an end facing a direction from which the fuel is presented which produces a laminar flow of the fuel.
 44. A method as in claim 35, wherein said obstruction has an end facing away from said direction which has a shape that produces cavitation of the fuel.
 45. A method as in claim 35, further comprising forming the obstruction of a magnetically polarizable material.
 46. A method as in claim 35, wherein said obstruction reduces the area by an amount between 85% and 97%.
 47. A method as in claim 38, wherein said reaction rod has a diameter which is between 85% and 97% of the inner diameter of said tube.
 48. A method, comprising: introducing droplets of liquid fuel to a chamber; applying a vacuum to the chamber defined within a conduit that has walls that are formed of a magnetically polarizable material; forming an area within the chamber where an internal surface area is reduced by an amount between 85% and 97% of the inner area of said conduit; on an outside portion of said area, separated from said area by a wall, introducing an exhaust gas from a combustion process using said fuel, to heat said outside portion of said area; and after passing said droplets through the chamber, introducing the fuel to a combustion process.
 49. A method as in claim 48, wherein said walls of said conduit are formed of a magnetically polarizable material.
 50. A method as in claim 48, wherein said forming an area where the internal surface area is reduced comprises providing an internal object within said conduit.
 51. A method as in claim 48, wherein said conduit is a tube, and said internal object is a part having a substantially cylindrical outer shape.
 52. A method as in claim 51, wherein said internal object is a reaction rod with a convex nose portion facing towards the direction from which the fuel is introduced.
 53. A method as in claim 48, wherein said applying the vacuum to the chamber maintains the chamber at a pressure which is less than the pressure exterior to the conduit.
 54. A method as in claim 48, further comprising using gas flow from the combustion process to form said vacuum.
 55. A method as in claim 48, wherein said applying the vacuum comprises maintaining the chamber at a pressure which is 250 mm of mercury or lower.
 56. A method as in claim 48, wherein said applying includes carrying out an operation to cool the fuel.
 57. A method as in claim 48, wherein said internal object has an end facing a direction from which the fuel is presented which produces a laminar flow of the fuel.
 58. A method as in claim 57, wherein said internal object has an end facing away from said direction which produces cavitation of the fuel.
 59. A method as in claim 48, further comprising forming both the tube and said internal object, from a magnetically polarizable material.
 60. A method as in claim 52, further comprising maintaining said internal object as captive within said tube.
 61. A method as in claim 60, wherein said maintaining comprises providing stops within the tube.
 62. A method as in claim 48, further comprising selecting a length of the reaction rod based on a type of the liquid fuel.
 63. A method as in claim 62, further comprising using a longer reaction rod for a thicker fuel, and a shorter reaction rod for a thinner fuel. 